Blue And White Monokinis

Abuse of Power and the national ethos

The Nation, November 26, 2007
By Pablo Salvat

Bologna * abuse of power and the national ethos

abuse of power in the field of social rights we talk about inheritance and failures of the economic model and habits no social help to overcome historical imbalances.


Barometer Report Abuse of Power, which generates released, realize the negative evaluation that persists as to the perceived abuses of power in social rights. Certain data sets, for example, that in both 2005 and 2006 remains at 50% the experience of violation of these guarantees in the population surveyed (in health, education, housing, welfare, work). Second, on the representation of the use of power, according to respondents, about 40% conceived in a negative way, connected with relations of inequality (16%), experience as abuse and corruption (16%) and negative values \u200b\u200bas envy and arrogance (4%). The use of power is seen in positive terms only 18% of the entries. Third, the respondents understand the abuse and take advantage of a position (about 40%), 18%, with trampling on people's rights, 11%, as the expression of the use of force to achieve certain objectives.

A fourth interesting figure says when asked about the responsibilities in the abuses of power, over 60% conduct relates to politics or corporate culture of the agency providing the service (in health, education, housing, welfare or work). Is linked to structural factors more than a bad experience with a particular official. However, in fifth place, a positive radiograph is the increased willingness of citizens to complain when they perceive as violations of their rights. This suggests that we, from the authoritarian legacy and currently has limited democracy in the modernization and inter-institutional practices that are cut by inequality, injustice, discrimination and abuse. That is, for situations that can be characterized as a refusal to recognize the other as "other legitimate" attended by not only individual rights but treated in accordance with a common human dignity.

The perception of an unequal society and some just demand another look at the ingredients can be incorporated in our public political culture of the prevailing social ethics, relationships between citizens and institutions, and their impact on the production of these situations experienced . The country's social history is marked by the existence of a series of events that are repeated, in which show signs of exclusion, discrimination or violence on the other especially if that other is female, indigenous, poor, illiterate, immigrant or adherent to change projects.

abuse of power in the area of \u200b\u200benjoyment of social rights we talk about inheritance and failures of the economic model and ways of living marked by social habits that do not contribute to overcome asymmetries and historical: authoritarianism, impunity, discrimination, lack of social esteem that people decisional stage private and public. The barometer results confirm something we've been able to trace from other angles: the absence among us of a moral egalitarian in the area of \u200b\u200bsocial and institutional ties and the likely consequences it. You may think that not be a simple task to modify the behavior of institutions and structures if at the same time, attitudes, corporate and union point in the opposite direction, ie if it is still proceeding as if there were people first, second and third class and still considered it a good thing and should it be.

Apparently, these situations do not only come from more powerful groups or those with more prestige. If the failure is "geo-social", if linked to the forms of articulation between citizens and between people-and institutions-then we find behaviors and habits of discrimination and abuse in different echelons of society and institutional trades. Whenever any fellow citizen feels that a fee has power, will often have the temptation to, as perhaps they did with him a degree of abuse in the micro or macro power as a form of "enforceable" to the rest. It is important to evaluate these situations so as not to avoid a trial on the given social relations, on the institutions we have and the parent to obey.

situations of abuse of power, but are examined in terms of the practice of agencies linked to the fulfillment of social rights cases but often there is a tendency to view them as isolated from the use of political power, forward inevitably to the kind of society we have, the social status of their relationship and their organizing principles. When talking about the kind of society we have, the society we want and its organizing principles, we are always talking about politics, especially democratic politics: how to resolve deliberately as a way to self-organize the common life.

could be inferred that the abuse of power was part of the population in relation to the rights and treatment due, talks about the shortage is our democratic process, in particular their ability to develop ways, means and institutions capable of meeting the basic rights socioeconomic and cultural field, which seems to show that we have a policy that, for now, lags behind the possibilities of the economic model. Conflicting and / or a deepening democratic impractical if not aim at the same time to the creation of an ethics (ethos) of equality mainstreamed. * Pablo Salvat

Bologna, Ph.D., U. Catholique de Louvain and director of the Master in Social Ethics and Human Development of the U. Alberto Hurtado.

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Chile is a low-budget show

According to Rodrigo and his show behind "Suite-Skipper"
The Nation, Wednesday 21 November 2007.
By Gabriela García

visual artist explores the hidden violence of social structures and power through a disturbing exhibition that mixes sculpture, drawing and human prostheses. Here, his views on the idiot box, silicone and Telethon.


"Your show is called" Suite-Skipper. " Why did you put that title?
"The title consists of two expressions connected by a hyphen desunidamente: the word" suite "which refers to a musical form that mixes different tones, and" pattern ", whose meaning may be" model "or" owner. " From this point of view, "Suite-Master" is about the insidious violence live in certain social structures that appear as harmless.
What viewers see is a large "sculpture" made of wood chipboard, a series of seven drawings made in ink and graphite on graph paper. Y-site work consisting of a large ornamental design made with house dust adhered to the wall.

"Your work speaks also of the relations of the show. Is it a criticism of the TV, the entertainment, silicone?
"My work articulates a critical commentary on our society spectacularized. In fact, Chile perceive it as a permanent show, but low budget. From the official policy to certain agents cultural, meet the social role of television harlequins and art, carnivalized everything. The eternal celebration of culture and "cool."

"Considering that the Chileans spend most time in front of the screen. What do you think about phenomena like "SQP", the paparazzeo and opinología?
"I cause embarrassment. The logic of these programs is to denigrate and to be denigrated. Both positions, otherwise interchangeable, eventually translate into dividends for both the aggressor as the victim. It is a perfect circle where everyone wins. The fuel that feeds the poor and undignified circus is the sleaze and decadence, both spectators and drivers, true clowns latter toasted by the stage lights. Now, little or nothing can be done. I tend to think that, similarly to scavengers or parasites that ensure the natural balance of a given ecosystem, such events are required, although I do not understand very well why.

- The Telethon is not saved?
"I think that after the immoral advertising millionaire trademarks and white faces smile charitable television, there is so supportive. Although it seems a joke, many of these "figures" who ask us for humanity and money are the same who later skinned the whole screen or morning star cannibals

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Physicians and conflicts of interest

Medical Ethics
Rev Méd Chile 2003; 131: 1463-1468
Article direct link here

Physicians and conflicts of interest

Alexis T. Lama

_{you L} conflicts of interest can arise in any professional activity and, obviously, where they acquire connotations _en medicine especiales_ is not exempt from them. The doctor, in their daily work can be, individually or in groups involved in conflicts of interest both in the care of the sick, and research and education. Although they have always been potentially present in the medical occupation, now seem to be a much more widespread. Also clear that there is a decreased sensitivity to these conflicts, not always appropriate as a response to them. For this reason, it seems appropriate to review this issue, from an ethical perspective, especially when their presence is moving beyond professional circles and is becoming a growing concern of the general public, and the reason for overriding reviews and reports in various media ^{1, 2} , and even recently addressed in our country, on a specific aspect, the medical journal ^{3, 4} . Definition

should begin by defining what is a conflict of interest. The word conflict, from the Latin con-flictus indicates struggle, antagonism. Referring to the word interest, limited to the specific struggle that occurs between two or more interest. This referred specifically to the doctor, the concept is close to the situation where two or more interests have become acting struggle the medical professional. Following Thompson, you may note that there is a conflict of interest in the doctor when a secondary interest rate, driven by a group of conditions, may unduly influence their professional opinion in relation to primary or primary interest ⁵ .

In this definition there are some key elements on which it is appropriate to enter. First, there are two types of interest: one is secondary, and therefore, logically, subject to the primary. And to say that there is a secondary interest is the same as saying that there is a personal or private interest. This secondary interest, personal, can be of various kinds. Most often, that is financial, but as discussed below, includes many other kinds of interests. Should anticipate that in reality there is nothing objectionable in having a personal or private interest in what you do. The problem, and we enter the second key to the definition, is when it enters into antagonism with the primary interest. The latter is the same as saying a professional duty, or what it should be ethically the doctor's primary concern. The third key to the definition is that this conflict can interfere with professional opinion, with their objectivity and independence. The word may is of importance, since it implies the existence of an apparent conflict of interest, apart potential and current. An apparent conflict arises when a reasonable person could conclude that the trial of the doctor may be compromised. One potential involves a situation that can lead to real or actual conflict 6. The last key definition, which is a group of potentially influential. This suggests that having a conflict of interests is an objective situation, and that the problem is only going to unleash on the type of action that freely choose to follow the doctor facing a situation of conflict of interest.

primary duty of the physician

From the above derived clarify what is the primary duty of the physician, which compete against private interests or secondary in a given situation.

In the area of \u200b\u200bdoctor-patient relationship, and following the Hippocratic legacy, the primary duty of the physician to move only in the interest of the patient. The good of the patient is the primary occupation of doctor 7. The medical professional is, and true to what that word means in essence, is obliged to be always biased to serve the patient, not to use it for their own benefit 8. In the research field of duty Primary health care is to seek and transmit the truth. Interest

side can create conflicts of interest

There is a group of situations that may come into conflict with the individual doctor and also for physicians as a group, educational organizations, professional associations and scientific. They can be financial _The more frecuentes_ and other, and variable in their magnitude. Without pretending to exhaust the many possibilities that exist between the interests of a financial side are the links with industry, preferably the pharmaceutical and medical equipment, but not exclusively. Can if any with the food industry, pharmacies, laboratories, etc. and may include payment of conference fees, payment for writing articles in magazines or newspapers, pay to recruit patients for clinical studies investigating payments for a particular product offering of gifts, travel funding, etc.. Also, and very frequent and important in their impact, are derivative financial conflicts of business own physicians, such as sharing fees for the referral of patients or tests, commission for patients referred to other doctors or health professionals, commissions recipes to feed self-reference of patients where medical examinations has financial investments, etc. Self-interest can also exist in order to gain prestige, academic recognition or promotion. Sometimes, there may be conflicts when the same treating clinician is also a researcher funded product, when a physician certifies a patient brain dead to transplant an organ to another of his patients when a doctor does not use the available resources and to decrease costs in the managed care system, etc.

Recently, a new and delicate area of \u200b\u200bconflict of interest is occurring when the private sector rather remuneradas_ _muy request ethics consultations to support their studies or market policies ^{9, 10} .

Importance of conflicts of interest

To better understand the importance of conflicts of interest may not be well resolved, especially concerning the exercise of individual health and understand the foundation that requires the physician to properly solve it is appropriate to emphasize certain fundamental characteristics that have doctor-patient relationship.

The physician-patient relationship is a fiduciary relationship. That is, a dependent relationship of trust between unequals, in which one party, the physician is powerful. The doctor has the power to heal, but at the same time, the patient, less powerful, he endorses the hope that it will protect your best interests or welfare. The expectation of trust which the patient lays on the doctor requires him to respond appropriately and take no action that could even put into question their actions and undermine this confidence 11. The ethical principle of establishing vulnerability in an unequal relationship of power, knowledge, or material resources, the obligation to respect and protect each other's vulnerability, not exploit it, rests on the strongest. That is, in our case, the doctor. This is else the right way to respond. This is where justice and vulnerability are 7.

Also, conflicts of interest on the part of drivers or clinical trials may compromise the welfare of patients studied and diminish public confidence 12.

Considering the previous comments, we can conclude that anything which might influence our decisions to the effect of postponing the good of the patient or submit their own, or anything that might call into question the confidence that the patient has placed upon us, is ethical failure in our relationship with patients. And I here the risk of conflicts of interest. They threaten to damage the trust between patients and their physicians. And this is essential for the maintenance of medicine as a moral activity. Even the appearance of a conflict of interest is harmful. Patients may lose confidence if only there really perceive influencia_ Even though his doctors are in a state of conflict of interest. And not just at risk of losing confidence and prestige thus _por else curación_ necessary for the doctor as an individual but the profession as a whole.

is in this context that the virtue of prudence of the doctor should be revealed, and therefore should avoid exposure unnecessarily at risk, temptations, which depart from its primary duty professional.

However, one major problem with this type of conflict is that doctors usually do not recognize it, even deny the possibility that they may be influenced by this type of situation. They think they are impervious _especialmente in industria_ referred to the potential influence on their decisions. However, evidence has been contrary to this perception, and has been shown that the huge amount of money the pharmaceutical industry invests in and please visit doctors, eventually resulting in some influence ^{13, 14} . Thus, it has found in the case of scientific and clinical guidelines development, a strong association between financial ties to the pharmaceutical industry and the recommendation of its products ^{15, 16} . Studies show that physicians who accept gifts, hospitality, services may compromise the objectivity of its professional opinion in relation to medical information and therefore its subsequent decisions in the care of patients ^{17, 18} .

The other problem is that there is great sensitivity on the part of doctors against the possibility of facing a conflict of interest, and most seriously, there is usually no adequate response from the doctor when you are inside. Therefore, it is important to understand recommendations about how to address these problems and ethical foundations that exist in this regard. Showdown

conflicts of interest

The best way to deal with a conflict of interest is prevention. For that, the clinician should be very attentive and sensitive to their appearance. This awareness, through the discussion of these issues should begin in the last years of medical student training and during training medical trainees, since they are also the focus of interest to the pharmaceutical industry. We must be vigilant and aware of the so-called perverse relationship that has now produced between it and the doctor who tends to blur his work and academic assistance in the field of research and education 19, and should discuss the issue of businesses' own physicians. Alongside this, greater concern is fundamental in the formative stage of the medical professional for their moral integrity.

If there was conflict, recognize this is the second step. This is not always easy. For revealing the existence of a conflict, and considering that self-interest can obscure the objectivity of the people, and can be easier to recognize when others are in conflict when it is self ²⁰ , some authors recommend what they call the "test of Confidence ': could my colleagues, my patients, my students, general public rely on my opinion, if they know that I'm in this situation? Once it recognized a conflict should be disclosed to the parties that may be affected. This is a very important step, and in any circumstances should be omitted ¹⁰ . Unfortunately, it has been observed that often hides ^{21, 22} . However, reveal only provided does not solve the problem. Third, in cases where conflict may markedly affect the confidence, the physician should simply refuse to participate. Concerning ethical

address the conflicts of interest

In our country there is a very general and indirect reference to mention the phrase _without intereses_ conflict in Article 49 of Title IV, the relationship of physicians with the Company Code of Ethics of the Colegio Médico de Chile AG "are forbidden to physicians accept and receive any kind of payments it might mean commercial collusion professional care ... "23 . On the other hand, our country's Health Code, Article 120 states that "it may work and have business interests that say their business relationship with ^....» 24. Very recently the editors of Revista Medica de Chile have published guidelines for the case of medical journals ^{3, 4} .

However, at present, the most ethical references on the topic from foreign standards, and refer more wide and specific to the various conflicts of interest, such as physicians' own business, its relationship with industry, its relationship with research, education, use of medical samples ^{25 - 27} , etc. Thus, the fourth edition of Ethics of the American College of Physicians refer explicitly in one of his titles to financial conflicts of interest and other recomendaciones_ _enter notes that "physicians should not refer patients to outside facilities, which have investments and those that do not directly provide care " 28. In another paragraph, referred specifically to the relations of physicians with the pharmaceutical industry states that it "strongly discourages a doctor accepts individual gifts of hospitality, travel and / or subsidies of any kind of chemical-pharmaceutical industry." In relation to this point, on which there is also an extensive and interesting literature that advocates _en good medicine and urgent pacientes_ a distance from the current physician-industry ^{19, 29 - 33} , the American Society of Internal Medicine, also says that "no gift should be accepted if there are conditions that tie" 34. Canadian Medical Association states that "any medical practitioner must accept personal gifts from the pharmaceutical industry or similar institutions" ³⁵ . For the sake of this issue, the position of the Royal London Medical College: "A physician shall not accept excessive or extraordinary hospitality of any pharmaceutical company ..." 36. Some specific scientific societies such as American Association of Dermatologists have also been expressed on the subject: "Gifts of minimal value are permissible only to the extent they are related to medical work " 37.

For events organized by scientific societies and supported by the industry it is recommended that "the organizers should ensure that promotional activities are separated from the health information fair. The presentation of products in the industry should be undertaken only in areas designed for that purpose and in the case of conferences, the program must clearly identify them as organized independently and separately from the official scientific sessions " 38.

have also been developed ethical framework for the industry in relation to ^{medical 39, 40} .

Moreover, members of ethical societies have published their opinions on how to face their own conflicts of interest with the private sector 9.

Conclusion Conflicts of interest are common in medical practice. The coming of the relationship with the pharmaceutical industry have become very relevant today.

are of different type and magnitude, and are generally not recognized by the doctors themselves.

important because they can threaten patients' trust their doctors and the medical profession. This is the core of the problem.

The resolution, passed eventually and inevitably by virtue of the doctor, is his honesty and integrity. Medical Schools must ensure the moral education of future physicians.

urgent need is to discuss the issue extensively, especially from the ethical point of view, within the scientific unions and medical groups, including, as appropriate to industry representatives _no ruled out in some cases representatives of the comunidad_ and conclude in number of recommendations appropriate to the realities of our country, to guide more explicit internal medicine doctors in training, clinicians and researchers, medical educators, medical associations and scientific unions in the best way to resolve such conflicts in order to protect those medical professionals to serve and safeguard confidence of patients and the general public and the medical profession itself. References

1. Licensing and examinations. In Letters to the Editor. Southern . Monday September 3, 2003.

2. Doctors say they are unaware of bribes. El Mercurio, C7, 14 April 2003.

3. Reyes H, Palma J, Andresen M. The importance of declaring a conflict of interest in medical journals. Rev Med Chile 2003, 131: 7-9.

4. Editors. The conflict of interest in biomedical publication. Rev Med Chile 2003; 131: 93-4.

5. Thompson DF. Understanding Financial Conflicts of Interest. N Engl J Med 1993, 329: 573-6.
[Medline ]

6. M. McDonald Ethics and Conflict of Interest . Available online: www.ethics.ubc.ca/mcdonald/conflict.htm1

7. Pellegrino E, Thomasma D. The good of the patient. In: For the patient's good . Oxford University press, 1988; 73-91.

8. Pellegrino E, Thomasma D. The Principle of Vulnerability. In: Helping and healing . Georgetown University Press, Washington, 1997; 39-53.

9. Brody B, Dubler N, Blustein J, Caplan A, Khan J, Kass N et al. Bioethics Consultation in the Private Sector. Hasting Center Report 2002; 32: 14-20.

10. Sharpe V. Science, Bioethics and the Public Interest: On the Need for Transparency. Hasting Center Report 2002; 32: 23-6.

11. Lemmens T, Liclur LLM, Singer P. Bioethics for clinicians: 17. Conflict of interest in research, education and patient care. CMAJ 1998; 159: 960-5.
[ Medline ]

12. Yarborough M, Sharp R. Restoring and preserving trust in biomedical research. Academic Medicine 2002; 77: 8-14.
[ Medline ]

13. Chren MM, Landefeld CS. Physicians' behavior and their interactions with drug companies. JAMA 1994; 271: 684-9.
[ Medline ]

14. Goodman B. Do drug company promotions influence physician behavior? West J Med 2001; 174: 232-3.
[ Medline ]

15. Stelfox HT, Chua G, O'Rourke K, Detsky As. Conflict of interest in the debate over calcium-channel antagonists. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 101-6.
[ Medline ]

16. Choudhry NK, Stelfox HT, Detsky AS. Relationships between authors of clinical practice guidelines and the pharmaceutical industry. JAMA 2002; 287: 612-7.
[ Medline ]

17. Komesaroff PA, Kerridge IH. Ethical issues concerning the relationships between medical practitioners and the pharmaceutical industry. Med J Aust 2002; 176: 118-21.
[ Medline ]

18. Kjaergard LL, Als-Nielsen B. Association between competing interests and authors' conclusion: epidemiological study of randomized clinical trials published in the BMJ. BMJ 2002; 325: 249-58.

19. Lewis S, Baird P, Evans RG, Ghali WA, Wright CJ, Gibson E et al. Dancing with the porcupine: rules for governing the university-industry relationship. CMAJ 2001; 165: 783-5.
[ Medline ]

20. Steinman M, Shlipak M, McPhee S. Of Principles and Pens: Attitudes and Practices of Medicine Housestaff toward Pharmaceutical Industry Promotions. Am J Med 2001; 110: 551-7.
[ Medline ]

21. Hussain A, Smith R. Declaring financial competing interests: survey of five general medical journals. BMJ 2001; 323: 263-4.
[ Medline ]

22. Smith R. Beyond conflict of interest. BMJ 1998; 317: 291-1.
[ Medline ]

23. Código de Ética Colegio Médico de Chile AG, 1985. Disponible Internet: www.colegiomedico.cl

24. Health Code. Editorial Jurídica de Chile. Ninth Edition, 1996.

25. Westfall JM, McCabe J, Nicholas RA. Personal use of drug samples by Physicians and office staff. JAMA 1997, 278: 141-2.
[Medline ]

26. Wolf B. Drug Samples: Benefit or baits? JAMA 1998, 279: 1698.

27. Chew LD, O'Young TS, Hazlet TK, Bradley KA, Maynard C, Lessler DS. A physician survey of the effect of drug sample Availability on Physicians' Behavior. J Gen Intern Med 2000; 15: 478-83.
[ Medline ]

28. Ethics Manual. American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 1998; 128: 576-94.

29. Wager E. How to dance with porcupines: rules and guidelines on doctors relations with drug companies. BMJ 2003; 326: 1196-8.

30. Abassi K, Smith R. No more free lunches. BMJ 2003; 326: 1155-6.

31. Moynihan R. Who pays for the pizza? Redefining the relationship between doctors and drug companies. 1: Entanglement. BMJ 2003; 326: 1189-92.

32. Moynihan R. Who pays for the pizza? Redefining the relationship between doctors and drug companies. 2: Disentanglement. BMJ 2003; 326: 1193-6.

33. Katz D. The agony and the ecstasy of free lunch. Bioetihcs . net., 2002.

34. Coyle S. Physician-Industry relations. Part 1: Individual Physicians. Ann Intern Med 2002; 136: 396-402.

35. The CMA Code of Ethics. CMAJ 1996; 1176a.

36. J Royal Coll Phy London , 1986. Disponible en Internet: www.nofreelunch.org

37. Ethics in medical practice . American Academy of Dermatology Association, 2001. Disponible en Internet: www.aadassociation.org/ethics.htm1

38. Coyle S. Physician-Industry relations. Part 2: Organizational Issues. Ann Intern Med 2002; 136: 403-6.

39. Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry. ABPI code of practice for the pharmaceutical industry 2001 . Disponible en Internet: www.abpi.org.uk/publications/pdfs/CodeOfPractice2001.pdf

40. Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America. PhRMA code on interactions with Healthcare Professionals. Available online: www.phrma.org/publications/policy//2002-04-19.391.pdf

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emphasizes innovation deficit poor countries lag

Despite the rise of Western investment, globalization has brought technological advances enough to lift the least developed countries from poverty.

The Nation Friday August 10, 2007

Maguy Daypar

science, technology and innovation are not a luxury but a necessity for the least developed countries (LDCs). But the latest annual report on the States, published on Thursday 19 July by the Conference of the United Nations (UN) on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), finds that openness to international trade has triggered technological advances needed to out of poverty. According to UNCTAD

is precisely in the field of knowledge, a key element of growth competitiveness and the conquest of world markets, that these fifty-one thirty LDCs are in Africa, remain the most vulnerable. "If LDCs stand aloof from this development will be increasingly marginalized in the global economy, where competition depends increasingly on knowledge rather than the aesthetic advantages derived from natural resources," says Habib Ouane, director of UN section on LDCs.

Imports of machinery or new materials that will allow local companies to modernize their production systems, have had a slowdown during the past 25 years. Between 2000 and 2005, the WFP imported the equivalent of just $ 18 in durable goods per capita, against $ 207 for other developing countries. Despite the flow of foreign direct investment (FDI), these countries remain anchored in the production of war with low added value that require unskilled labor. Between 2000 and 2005, FDI in poor countries were three times higher than during the previous ten years, yet not above one percent of global flows. Brain drain

addition, investments are still not very diversified in geographical terms: Angola, Chad, Equatorial Guinea and Sudan, oil producers, concentrated only among themselves over half of FDI. The European and American transnational companies established in these countries operate "as a few enclaves and establish links with local businesses," said the report . Characterized by a strong capital intensity, mining activities in Africa of these foreign branches, exporting unprocessed raw materials, have a weak impact on employment.

As regards the increase of FDI in the apparel sector in Asia is accompanied by employment growth and development of exports without technological capabilities of enterprises. "The lack of overlap in the national economy makes the clothing tax in LDCs is the existence of preferential access to markets" , states the UN agency, noting that they can disappear overnight .

The authors are also concerned about the acceleration of brain drain. The migration of the graduate workforce in these countries is the more damaging because the skilled human capital resources are scarce. The report makes clear that in LDCs is 94.3 researchers per million people, against 313 in developing countries and 3,728 in rich countries.

L to UNCTAD acknowledges that in the context of structural adjustment programs established by the funding partners and designed to preserve macroeconomic stability, LDCs have not been able to negotiate more flexible, in order to preserve their potential for creativity. Indeed, local governments do not spend more than 0.3% of its GDP in research and development, against 0.8% in developing countries and 2.4% in rich countries.

However, the responsibilities are shared. Developed countries have failed to provide prescriptions for LDCs to ensure the success of its own growth Ouane regrets. In the last 25 years, 3.9% of World Bank loans were intended for scientific and technological projects for middle-income countries like Indonesia and Mexico. Among the poorest, Bangladesh could only benefit.

Le Monde The New York Times Syndicate

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Our parties and Pride


in my interest to salvage the few opinion columns that are a real contribution to the intellect of the readers, I reproduce an article written by Jesuit priest José Aldunate in the Nation of 2 July 2007 where he explains the true adoption of the theories of Machiavelli in the work of Chilean politicians. Missed.

Our parties and Machiavellianism

José Aldunate sj

A dissertation on Jacques Maritain Machiavellianism, political parties and the common good can apply some concepts to our clusters in the current situation, especially with the corruption allegations. There are characteristic features of Machiavellianism: the ultimate goal of "The Prince" or the parties is the achievement and maintenance of power. Secondly, all it takes to power is legitimate (ie, can and should do). It supports the principle: "The end justifies any means." Against this

Machiavellianism, Maritain puts genuine democracy. The purpose of the institutions and parties is the common good. The means for this are the free play of freedom oriented well. It is the democratic fair play. Excluded are lying, bullying, cheating and stealing. From these principles it is possible to test our games. The coalition has spent many years in power and should not enamored with it. Constitutes a danger. In principle, the alternation is healthy. The facts confirm that we regret. In any case, we require the Government a clear improvement of partisan advantage for the common good.

However, opposition parties should not be proposed to attain power. Machiavellian state otherwise would be strange far right that representatives have expressed explicitly in those terms. The end of a party is not power, but the common good. This one can be served from the opposition. It will say that power is also an effective medium to look for is legal. True, but not sought as an end, it makes much difference. There are attitudes of the opposition which, unfortunately, illustrate the difference. Has been systematically obstructed the Government both in verbal and in bills. But the common good calls for a systematic opposition, but constructive. The opposition has declared insignificant, almost terminal, the Government and has already proposed its presidential candidate for 2009. That and inability to cooperate even as due to the common good.

The unhealthy attachment to power, take it as an end and not as a means naturally leads to corruption. Then, the end justifies any means. Chile is a corrupt country. Corruption is not a habit or ideology, but the parties have engaged in acts of this kind. We are aware of the honesty and accuracy, but we have an idiosyncrasy that we have to use events that are corrupt. It is our lively Creole, as with our buddies and opportunism leads to leeway in ethics. May our onslaught against corruption serves to correct this culture of resiliency misunderstood.

Suspected acts of corruption allegedly practiced by government supporters were brought to court. Have served the power of a group but that does not justify them. Are other criteria for a sound morality, which match those of the common good and genuine democracy.

The opposition charged with less charges. We have dispensed with historical facts. However, we suspect that in our system customs persist in some degree of Machiavellianism that we must fight. Would not it be at the root of the desperation that affects politicians and parliamentarians? I mean, maybe our leaders avoid notoriously corrupt behavior (murder, lying, theft), but there are many others that are not explicitly mentioned in the Decalogue at Sinai. Every act is truly geared to the common good, but the power or personal gain is already corrupt. List some parliamentary actions and ask them if there is no evidence of corruption or any ideology. We do not seek to accuse, but to invite reflection. 1 .-

parliamentary allowances have been allocated certainly not modest. And now last even have risen. This diet strengthens its capacity and power, not the prestige of Parliament and therefore the common good. What criteria are used? We see here evidence of Machiavellianism and corruption disguised pretexts better service.

2 .- The parliamentarians hold the binomial despite the country found their malfunction. Each has made the calculation and has seen that change is not convenient for reelection.

3 .- Some have helped, to be chosen, tax money. We've seen it! Others have helped not just private funds for campaign expenses. There are many ways to practice bribery, some old, some modern. Bribery is offering the moon and the stars to potential voters.

4 .- A presidential candidate proclaimed the method of delivering what people ask. But the presidential task is not to give that, but to provide what the country needs.

5 .- There parliamentary

maybe very committed to serving their constituents. Malicious think it is for the re-elected. Anyway, your first duty is to serve the country. When you canceled the plan of a bridge over the Chacao channel, the parliamentarians of the area should have thought more of the good of the country in the island.

6 .- The meetings of the Senate and House are full of passion to defend or attack the government. That is not conducive to calm and objective assessment of what claims the common good. Nor builds attendees and viewers.

7 .- The mass voting by party or by order of match we wonder: Where is the common good and personal responsibility? Where is democracy?

8 .- Let's add a final thought, though not directly related to Machiavellianism. Are presented, sometimes thematic values \u200b\u200brelated to life, marriage or abortion. There are healthy parliamentary sensitive to the ethical significance of this. But in its task of policy makers can take sufficiently into account that beyond individual ethics is the collective ethic of the common good?

All these practices have referred directly or indirectly reveal Machiavellian tendencies to turn a situation to achieve other ends (this is a corruption) straight and not to seek the common good. This and all we have said before is at the root of the desperation that affects our parliamentary politics in general and even democracy itself.

Wife Stronger Than Husband

Machiavellianism



few days ago we spoke with Marc about why we had better relations with all Chilean who arrived in these parts of the world. I must admit that we are not going to all Chileans have many friends here and in Chile even more, but unfortunately in Germany do better friends with other Latin Americans. And we conclude, Marce and me, what bothers us is mainly some Chileans PRIDE, unfortunately that is closely linked to socioeconomic status (not always! But most of the time ...), so the higher the level is no greater arrogance. We find it difficult to understand why some Chileans, the importance as a human being is directly related to your socioeconomic status. Especially this feeling is more powerful when in Germany while people with a lot of money with little or behave the same, only difference the type of clothes or perhaps the brand of car they drive.

Anyway, I think we need to grow much as a society, particularly with regard to humility, and to see the rest of human beings as brothers, without falling into nonsense to classify them as "the same level." Unfortunately our excessive individualism increasingly distancing us from that goal.

To conclude, I would like to complete my remarks with some definitions:

Pride:

• Hubris and inordinate desire of being preferred to others.
• satisfaction and conceit by the contemplation of one's garments with contempt of others.
• Wrath and anger expressed by actions or words broken arrogant and insulting.

Hubris:

• Pride, arrogance. Arrogant

:

• Haughty, arrogant.

Pedant:

• Put one person, cocky and makes inappropriate and vain display of erudition, have it or not really.

Osmosis And Diffusion Lab Answers

Tips Aesculapius to those who want to be doctors

Aesculapius believed he was born in 1200 a. C. Aesculapius or Asclepius (the Greek name and therefore the real) was a mythical character of doubtful existence in a vague time and that legend says was a demigod, son of Apollo and a mortal father Hygelac and such a good doctor who came to raise the dead, so Pluto (or Hades in Greece) god of the underworld, complained to his brother Zeus (Jupiter in Rome), who forbade Asclepius raised, warning that where the god of the underworld helpers had laid his hands and he could not act. Zeus later took him to Olympus, where he was responsible for the medicine, relieving his father Apollo. The Boards of Aesculapius to his son, who wanted to study medicine, are a classic Greek literature and possibly medical ethics paper oldest known.

most surprising thing, in my opinion, is that in many respects his words are effective even 3000 years later. Bold put a part that I find remarkable, since even today with the number of Consciousness held about the disease, there are still many unexplained. And of course patients can not tolerate an "unknown", although there is no response ... and even after a 3000 years.

Aesculapius Tips

Want to be a doctor, my son?

Have you thought through what has to be your life? You'll have to give up private life, while most people can complete their homework, isolated away from the inconvenient, your door will always be open to all, at any time of day or night will come disturb your sleep, your pleasures, your meditation, you will not have hours to devote to family, friendship or study, no longer be yours.

The poor, used to suffer, will not call you except in cases of urgency, but the rich will treat you as a slave in charge to remedy its excesses, or because they have indigestion, or because they caught a cold, will you wake up as quickly as soon as you feel the least concern, as far estimated at him. You will have to show interest in the most ordinary details of his life, deciding whether to eat beef or lamb, if they go to this or that way when they walk. Can not go to the theater, be away from the city, or be sick will always be ready to go as soon as you call your master. Eras

severe in choosing your friends, looking to the society of men of talent, artists, sensitive souls, afterward, you can not discard to irksome to poor intelligence, the contemptible. The thief will have as much right to your assistance as the honest man dire prolonging lives, and the secret of your profession will not allow you to prevent crimes of which you will witness.

have faith in your work to win you a reputation, keep in mind that you will be judged, not by your knowledge, but by the twist of fate, by cutting your coat, by the look of your home, the number of your servants, for the attention you devote to the talks and tastes of your clientele. The will have to be suspicious of you if you spend no beards, others if you come from Asia, others believe in the gods, others, if you do not believe in them.

I like simplicity, so you must adopt the attitude of an augur. Are active, you know what it's worth the time, you will not have to express annoyance or impatience, will have to endure stories to boot the principle of time to explain a colic idle consult you for the simple pleasure of chatting. You will be the dumping ground for their troubles, their petty vanities.

feel passion for the truth, and you can not say it. You'll have to hide some severity of his illness, to others its insignificance, because they bother. You will have to keep secrets that have, seem to mock consent, ignorant, complicit.

Although medicine is a dark science, whom the faithful efforts are shining through the centuries, no doubt you will be allowed to ever risk losing all credibility. If you do not claim to know the nature of the disease, which possess a magic bullet to cure the common people go to quacks who sell the lie that needs .

not count on appreciation; when the patient is healthy, healing is due to its robustness, if you die, you're the one who killed him. While you are in danger treats you like a god, I beg, I promise, I praise fills, no good is in convalescence, and gets in its way, and when it comes to paying the care that we have lavished, are angry and you denigrate.

The men are more selfish, more demanding of medical application. The more greedy these, more disinterested is to be him, and them making fun of the gods give the priesthood to interest the worship of his sacred person. The city relies on it to remedy the damage it causes. Do not count on that so painful job make you rich, I told you: it is a priesthood, and would not produce decent gains as having a oiler or selling wool. I pity you if you feel desire for beauty, you'll see the most ugly and disgusting that exist in the human species, all your senses will be abused. You will have to stick your ear against the breasts dirty sweat, breathing the smell of miserable huts, perfumes uploaded tired of courtesans, palpate tumors, heal wounds green pus, fix your eyes and your nose in the filth, stick your finger in many sites. Many times, a beautiful day, sunny and perfumed, or to leave the theater, a piece of Sophocles, will call for a man who, bothered by abdominal pain, put before your eyes a basin foul, when he met: "Because I have a concern not to throw." Remember, then, seem to be much that you are interested in dejection. Until the very beauty of women, human comfort, for you will fade. You'll see the morning disheveled, haggard, devoid of its beautiful colors and forgetting about the furniture part of its attractions. Cease to be God to become afflicted with misery poor creatures graceless. Feel more compassion for them than wishful thinking. How often frightened when you see a sleepy alligator in the bottom of the source of pleasure!

Your life will pass like the shadow of death, between the pain of the bodies and souls, including duels and hypocrisy that refers to the bedside of the dying, the human race is a Prometheus torn by vultures. You'll be

alone in your grief, alone in your studies, only half of human selfishness. Not even find support among physicians who are deaf war interest or pride. Only ease the conscience of evil can hold you in your labors. Think while you're on time, but if indifferent to the fortune, the pleasures of youth; If knowing that you'll only between human beasts, have a fairly stoic soul to satisfy the duty performed without illusions, if you judge well paid with the joy of a mother with a face that smiles at you because you no longer have, or peace of a dying man who concealed the approach of death, if you yearn to know the man, penetrate all the tragedy of his fate, Become a doctor, my son!

Rotating Wires Without Tangle

The life of medical students in a song

A song from the book "Quiebraespejos" written by Marco Antonio de la Parra is about the life of a medical student.
With love for my fellow travelers for 7 years
would be helpful if the media officer of TVN revise the format and the script on Thursday, 31. Here is a summary of a very questionable journalistic style, in which the way of presenting the story ends with dye. The truth is that in the context of recent times, dominated by the fog of pessimism, the options of "24 Hours" left much to be desired.

On Thursday May 31 , the central TVN news "24 hours", made two positive news for the country in a blur and uncertain, to the point of leaving the impression that in fact were not good. It was broadcast in the ranking of the magazine "The Economist" which ranked Chile as the most peaceful country in Latin America, which means occupying the sixteenth place among 121 countries in an area considered factors such as stability, rates of violence, respect for human rights, transparency, social welfare, etc. Get this widget the rest of this music is not even noticeable, but believe me after spending a year in TV detoxification becomes uncomfortable. Another aspect to me is unacceptable that journalists who read these news delivered to your own opinion. Instead of treating the news from every angle to make the viewer to form their own opinion, which we hear is a journalist based on only one aspect of the story (because obviously never comprehensively address). To discuss the treatment with relevant news! It is impossible considering that 30 minutes are devoted to sports, 10 minutes to the entertainment or the new channel's programming and the rest of the "reports" entirely circumstantial, a few words for news, and maybe just maybe some news from the regions. We can not forget the treatment given to the news, which only create fear among the population, giving the impression of a country on the brink of chaos where the attacks are almost a state of anarchy. On the other hand, the positive news that manage to leave the editorial room are undervalued. That shocking as people are kept uninformed, I've never seen for example in the news explaining that exist besides the problem of crime why there is this problem which in the protests which do damage There is a large group of people who are dissatisfied with the society we have (I have never seen some of these guys ask them why they feel anger, etc.). To complete these reflections, I'd like to leave its analysis Muñoz Sergio Rivero on this subject and was published today, June 5, 2007 in the newspaper La Nación (link here ): The other news was confirmation that James has become a magnet for new businesses, as demonstrated by the fact that several multinational companies have set up their headquarters here in the region. But "24 hours" to neutralize the positive effect achieved by way of showing images of some of our difficulties, which was weighing the external evaluation was not true.

Many reporters have internalized the notion that good news is not exactly news. Certainly influences the demand that publishers get material that viewers wince. For this, they are preferable robbery, crashes on the road to balance dead, energy issues, children coughing in the clinics, and how no, the repeated images of the bus and accompanied by a booklet filled with Metro on the Transantiago catastrophic. The result of this way of reporting is a country that creates uncertainty and fear.

TV newscasts often seem neurotic oriented to the population through a description of the national reality that depresses anyone. "Terrible things are happening in Chile? Are we on the brink of an unmanageable crisis? One thing is clear: the editorial line of the news is given largely by the sensationalist way in which reporters often tell their stories the dramatic tone of the ads using intimidating and throwing. There was mixed news journalism and opinion in a summary often crude.

Transantiago has been a real test for accountability reporting. No one denies that the difficulties have been serious, but television has tended to exaggerate them, either because the images of crisis "sell" or because it suits related sectors.

In Chile, the political imbalance in the field of information is simply obscene. If Mega is owned by the fundamentalist right, the right Chilevisión liberal and Channel 13 at the Pontifical Catholic University, whose authorities are located in conservative positions, What room is left for the rest of the country? Only TVN, which is bound to respect the provisions of the statute of public channel, which implies that there also influence currents that set the standard of private broadcasters. In other words, the right is on all channels and certainly knows how to use his power.

A TVN executives seem to mind very much that anyone can say that the channel is government, but this leads sometimes to follow the waters of the open channels opponents. In good time that TVN is not a propaganda channel, as it was in the past, but the balance needs to take care that the private channels do not feel obliged to maintain. Your department press can not be added to the line of exacerbating conflicts and tense to show an image of the country that ends up being functional to the objectives of the opposition. Nobody asks you not realize the problems, but also must have a national view point to serve the community. Unfortunately, journalists are not usually receptive to criticism. When you question their procedures and lack of rigor, are quick to claim that freedom of expression is threatened. But they can not be outside the scrutiny. Must answer for what they show and tell. They have immense power and it is desirable to be aware of the damage they cause sensationalism, the morbidity and bungling.

Freedom of expression is a golden rule of democracy, said President Bachelet. We must defend this principle without giving up. It also involves judging the way journalists do their job.

Blisters In Throat, Pictires

The TV Chile showing

The text below was written by Raul Sohr, which in my opinion explains quite well why he seeks dominion over energy resources and their different realities in America, the Middle East and Europe. If you are interested, here is a link for them to download the document directly

here

ENERGY AND POWER

Raul Sohr Energy is a form of power. As such, it is desired and can be both a source of wealth and friction. Apply energy integration in South America is recognizing its strategic nature, ie, make their market value inclusive goals with a long-term perspective. To persevere after such objectives requires a clear and firm political will of participating States. The energy integrationist must overcome not only odiosidades old neighborhood. His main obstacle is the powerful vested interests that block the expression is an assumption of economic patriotism.

For Lenin, the formula for success in the emerging Soviet Union was simple: "Soviets + Socialism = electrification." Political power and the means to move the industry would be key to building a new social system. In fact, the equation of Lenin was minimal. It takes more than good government and energy to ensure the welfare of a people. Although both factors are not sufficient condition for success, no one doubts, moreover, necessary.

Peculiarly English electricity is called outright power, or power. The electric power is one form of energy (and is obtained from different sources), with hydrocarbons, the most economically and politically important. As the primary source most versatile, oil dominates the energy market. The oil is concentrated in the Middle East where there are about 60 percent of reserves. The boundaries and the history of this region, throughout the twentieth century, were given in largely by what some call black gold and others have come to call the devil's excrement. The findings vary so far as the oil can act as both a blessing and a curse. The political future of Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Kuwait and other Persian Gulf emirates is marked by its status large producers of the most sought-after commodity. There are, of course, other elements directly related to power and weaponry. For many oil and other energy sources are simply another commodity. Its acquisition is traded on international markets and prices are set by supply and demand. This is in normal times but everyone knows that energy can also be used as a weapon. The same is true in markets where merchants armaments in peacetime, are lavished on the supply of military equipment.
even a strictly military point of view there are those who say that the key to success is not on the battlefield but in the logistics. They mean it's useless if no one valiant army has the supplies needed for combat. The absence of petrol for the tanks can paralyze even the powerful machines of war as happened in some fronts to the Wehrmacht towards the end of World War II. In Vietnam, the United States devoted much of his effort to break the flow of supplies from North Vietnam to the South. Between 1965 and 1973, were released over two million
tons of bombs on Cambodia and Laos to destroy the supply lines of the communist forces. Cambodia received just over 50 percent of all bombs dropped on Japan during the Second World War. The effort was aimed at blocking the path called Ho Chi Minh, with an average width of 8 miles, ran over a thousand miles under the dense foliage. It was well camouflaged a pipeline that allowed the circulation of ten thousand trucks that were necessary to mount a final assault on Saigon. U.S. General Carl Stiner, who commanded the special forces during the conflict, summed up the importance of supply "approach is plausible that, if the U.S. had found an effective way to block the Ho Chi Minh route in 1962 or 1963, the massive U.S. intervention, 4 years later, it had not happened, perhaps the Vietnam War had ended more happy "(1)

is clear that in war or not available oil can make the difference between victory and defeat. Have powerful weapons, as well as having oil, can be either double-edged sword. That is, can be both a strength and a vulnerability. Strength when you can make full use of resources. Vulnerability does not have the ability to defend them. Have WMD (nuclear, chemical or biological) that can not protect themselves may attract attacks. It happened to Iraq in 1981 fu attacked by Israel which destroyed to its foundations Osirak nuclear reactor, which was about to be launched. He was buried and the declared will of Saddam Hussein to have the "first Islamic nuclear bomb '(2). Iran today faces a similar dilemma.
Same with oil. The power conferred by this source of energy is such that you can also invite more powerful countries to seek, by way of treaty or force control. Put in colloquial terms the things can be done by hook or by crook. Saudi Arabia chose good while Iran went the opposite way. As far as the Saudi royal family established an alliance with the United in the mid-30's. The convergence of interests, consisting of political protection in exchange for oil, resulted in the company famous Arabian Oil Company (ARAMCO). In the case of Iran, there was no agreement for an oil nationalist government led by Muhammad Mossadeq who was appointed after elections in 1951, Prime Minister and without delay nationalized oil. London and Washington instigated in retaliation, a military coup. Western efforts flourished in 1953 when it was established a harsh dictatorship where he starred in a role for the SAVAK, the secret police. The dictatorial regime was overthrown in 1979 recently passed giving intolerant to a government dominated by Islamic fundamentalists.

At the same time that they have abundant reserves of oil and gas, and Russia, use them to influence their neighboring relations. Decreases in supplies to Ukraine and Georgia have reminded these former Soviet republics as the will still depend on Moscow. Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez, meanwhile, has won allies in the Caribbean and Latin American countries with a policy of selling oil at preferential prices. Has sought to extend this political capital even in the U.S. and Britain with offers of oil to lower values \u200b\u200bthan those of less affluent market sectors. An effort to gain supporters and to promote his political philosophy.
There are also cases in which cooperation agreements for the exploitation of raw materials have been the mainstay integrator. This is what happened between France and Germany after World War II. Where some see a threat others saw an opportunity. After three devastating wars in less than a century, Paris and Berlin decided to make the old continent, at last, a place for peace. The key step was to place the industries of coal and steel production under a common authority. Robert Schuman, the French foreign minister and architect of the emerging unification, predicted that Europe would be built "Through concrete achievements from the start creating a de facto solidarity '(3).


1. A policy option


Europe of 25, with a common currency and central bank, is the result of an explicit political will of States belonging. The guiding principle is the collective common good rests on "a de facto solidarity." In this perspective, the philosophy which governs the states is crucial.

If the energy is considered as a mere commodity devoid of strategic importance weakens an integrated vision. From a commercial perspective, the operators of sites and energy sources should consider the best possible return on their investments. It's what they call Anglo-Saxon shareholder value. If that gives the most credit is for export outside the region, that is what it should do. In contrast, if we take an integrative prism in which the collective security and progress gain more importance, progress is measured not only in currency but in a general balance of the benefits of treaties that facilitate trade, open borders , joint ventures and, finally, a relaxed atmosphere and good-neighborly mutual trust deepened.

An example of the benefits of reduced antagonism is what is called the "dividend peace "after the end of the Cold War. At present, South America, defense budgets represent about 25 billion dollars. No further integration will mean the disappearance of military spending countries, but decrease at the same time facilitate increasing the national security of States.

Security is a broad concept that covers many aspects of country life. Which usually receive more attention in the field of states is military security. But everything depends on the circumstances as food safety or health may be as or more decisive. If it is economic, energy security is critical because affects all spheres of national life and, as outlined above, in terms of military deterrence.

begs the question what is the price that a country is willing to pay for their safety. The military tend to think that no price is too high. In the case of well-known defense personnel, stockpiles and operating costs are absorbed entirely by the state. The case of the energy is different because they are often private companies and state, which often operate under strict market criteria, which are to investment, but only to the extent that you get a high return. Otherwise it is a task tax entirely. As a result, the country's energy security can be in the hands of traders that respond naturally to stimulating the best possible return. The security of the nation is not an issue that should worry shareholders meetings who bought securities for dividends.

A comprehensive project on energy for America is a strategic policy decision-reaching, higher costs and risks. This implies planning several decades, strengthening the integrated tool for resource exploitation. Ell means, among other things, to strengthen state enterprises by generating deposits and energy. Failing that, the payment of allowances to cover the gap between market prices and regional cooperation agreements. Such a scheme will find serious obstacles for financing both the private and the multilateral banks. Therefore,
be an act of political will in some cases, it is difficult to justify to voters inclined to "economic patriotism."


2. Latin America

Most South American countries except Chile and Uruguay, have for the time varying degrees of autonomy with regard to energy resources. So there are different emergencies. Paraguay, for example, has more electricity than required but has no oil. Therefore it has been thought about creating a ring energy or other forms of cooperation that allow more effective use under the vast and sometimes difficult geography of the region. The integrating principle is based on partnerships that bring benefits to all parties. But the assessment of what is appropriate depends on the trade policies of each country.
Energy can be an obstacle to integration or a lever to pressure one country over another. Well understood Bolivia under the government of President Carlos Mesa came into vogue as the slogan "No molecule gas to Chile. " Not before Santiago would satisfy the demands of La Paz for a sovereign outlet to the Pacific Ocean. To this point believed that this was the key to realizing their aspirations is reached to raise the gas was "the best ambassador of Bolivia." Retrieved, Evo Morales, before his election to the presidency, why s opposed to the construction of a pipeline that will result in the Chilean port closest to the gas fields, responded with the following question: "What if you bought gas Chile Bolivian mines to feed its large and a day because of a strike, for example, suspend the supply? What would the Chilean government to see that every day is losing millions and millions of dollars? '(4). The Morales scenario is reminiscent of the causes of the Pacific War (1879-83) which cost the province La Paz ocean. Morales then the conclusion was that it was preferable to keep the underground gas before entering into a relationship that he feared would result in a conflict.

national attitudes compared to hydrocarbons should be considered in a scenario in which oil is over. Predictions vary, some believe that in ten years, the demand will exceed supply of oil. Others put the critical moment for two decades. And on energy twenty years, as the tango, they are nothing. Harry Shimp, former president of the British company BP Solar, predicts: "In 20 to 25 years for oil reserves begin to decline so we have this window of time to convert to renewable energy." In fact there will always be oil but not in the required amounts, with ever higher prices and increased difficulties in removal.

One of the reasons for the growing shortage is the rapid increase in demand. China, one of the largest consumers of raw materials in the world, not only increases your appetite, and has tripled its electricity consumption from 1990 to date. The electric power demand in 2003 grew by 15 percent and 10 percent oil. That same year China became the largest oil exporter to net importer. In fact, a number of Chinese cities have already rationing electricity. China is the second largest oil consumer after the United States surpassing Japan. Despite the fact that Chinese per capita consumption is only 12 percent of the U.S. and Japan fourth. The effect of increased global demand, coupled with political instability in the Middle East, rising prices already wreaking havoc on many economies.

The energy issue opens an opportunity for integrative but obstacles concretize are significant. Except Bolivia and Venezuela, other countries do not have a significant surplus. And we know that charity begins at home. The primary duty of any government is to ensure domestic supplies at the best price possible. It depends on economic competitiveness and the welfare of the population.

Ultimately whatever the level of integration that security is achieved each of the countries and all come from diversity. This means having the most varied and there are many renewable sources. The most developed are hydro, wind, geothermal, biomass and photovoltaics. The most popular is the hydroelectric but from large dams are not usually counted as alternative energy. Small core, however, have a low impact on the environment itself are recorded.

A huge field of possible cooperation is the use of ethanol to replace oil. In this area Brazil is by far the world leaders. The program of using sugar cane for ethanol production began in the 80's. It was not an environmental stimulus, but was encouraged by the military in search of greater security energetic triggered after the oil shock in 1973. The soldiers sought to reduce dependence on oil from the Middle East. Where there is a will there is a path and farmers received subsidies to plant sugar cane. Also subsidized fuel prices while increasing the number of vehicles that employed him until he reached a majority. Then the low oil prices, the rise in sugar prices and increasing oil reserves discovered by Petrobras marked the decline of ethanol to mid 90's. In 2003 began, however, a rebound in employment with a new technology for using a mixture of gasoline and ethanol or both separately. So in 2005, 53 percent of cars sold in the country (866 thousand) used the mixture.

As far as nuclear energy, which already has four reactors in South America, two in Argentina and two in Brazil (two more are planned, one in each country), there are serious reservations. Greens, international and local repudiate uranium, enriched, is one of the most polluting and destructive substances. In fact the German government, like many others, and Europe, halted construction of new nuclear plants, if you follow the current course, will have disappeared by 2030 the still existing. The fight against proliferation of nuclear weapons has increased U.S. pressure against the enrichment of uranium. In fact, Brazil faces U.S. efforts to abandon their programs in this direction. This request has been made even more urgent in view of attempts to deny Iran the ability to enrich uranium for future nuclear reactor.
economic and political integration of South America has experienced high and low, lower than high in recent years. Who can not at least be as hard. Hence, for the moment, the challenge of energy integration seems ambitious. A prerequisite for such a process is the existence of leadership, at least one State to take initiatives and some of the political and economic costs. Their absence does not, however, deepen bilateral and trilateral ties and advance the development and exploitation of alternative energy sources, preferably renewable.
(1) Tom Clancy and Carl Stiner, "Shadow Warriors: Inside the Special Forces," London, Sidgwick & Jackson, 2002.
(2) Raul Sohr, "The wars that lie ahead" Barcelona, \u200b\u200bEdiciones B, 2000.
(3) Josepha Laroche, "Politique Internationale", Paris, Librairie Générale de Droit et de Jurisprudence, 1998.
(4) Interview with author Santiago, 2004.

Can You Use Retaining Block For Fire Pit

The energy and power better

The article below was extracted from granvalparaiso.cl (electronic newspaper where you can writing any person.) I wanted to put it here because, in my opinion, be explained well as effective fight against crime. Best


the prisoners we put diapers



Although we lowered to 7 years of age of criminal responsibility not contain juvenile delinquency failure to take urgent measures substantive and not a 30 year term


Cristina Jara Villarroel history professor, James

"UNDER 16 steals home," "Girls spiders invade the eastern sector of Santiago", "15 year old band leader tort." Every day, and more and more settled, we met with headlines like these. Newsreels and newspaper cutting programs have been widely publicized the theme of juvenile delinquency. How gangs are organized, how they act, the drugs they consume, the level of violence deployed, where they come from, how they move. We have been taught to fear all young people that use hanging baggy pants with chains. If you see one with these features, even more, singing hip hop, run as if he had a glass of chicha plum with laxative. They are dangerous!

Therefore, the reduction of criminal responsibility at age 14 is excellent. These young men idle and poorly entertained, as they called the people under the pseudo aristocrats colonial roots "gañanescas" and villagers, who speak a pure doodle, should be all inmates. Moreover, most are children of offenders have left school and lived on the streets most of his life. Unfortunately they did not follow the path of our precious Manuel Rojas (author of the novel "Son of a thief"), and instead of capturing on paper the "pellejesca" life, repeat the cycle and inheritance from their parents.

After seeing a television report, I think it must be something genetic, such as endogenous depression. I feel desperately need scientists to make such an investigation soon discover the DNA crime, so, we could lock from babies, from birth, to avoid so much dross walk around. But, yes, only the children of people or places scratch, especially if the mother says "shansho" not pork, as decent people.

If you do this test to all citizens, it would have to spend much money on prisons, and taking into account that burned Capuchins have less choice where to send the other spears. To those who have not only donated money but also dignity. But that does not matter. What matters is that there are many goats Jeton you want to get the business to the poor and has no style, is no collar and tie, no a guaranteed place for the party in Congress, not military withdrawal, but school, Apoquindo with Vespucci, how beautiful this area, or the like.

WE HANDLED THAT!
Every day I realize how easy it is to manipulate people. A news bit exaggerated to the max, a couple of stories and some friendly politicians giving speeches on the problems of the people, the "real people's problems, and then a repressive law, and ready. The country is advancing and we all grow with equity. I have not heard a single proposal or a discussion on the origin of juvenile delinquency, why have opted to steal as a lifestyle, why not decide to rehabilitate and pursue a career delict. What they have done is give us the means to know how dangerous they are, how to get rid of them and finally how to remove the "problem." But the "problem" will even take them all prisoners. No more police on the corners is eliminated crime. The system we are forced to live is unfair, petty, undignified, degrading. The opportunities are for some, the rest survive, trying to salvage something from what belongs to us by nature, but our dear leaders put in a pocket when legislative, executive or judge. That gentlemen, is equality? Is not the same having been born into a wall, in La Dehesa. Are worlds quite different and incompatible, that young people do not take long to discern. Not that young ABC1 have no problem. I know they do, who do drugs, who witness domestic violence, suffering with alcoholism or typical teenage existential doubts. But they are not a headache for the authorities, because their families have the power, because their families are government officials, economic or moral. That's why "ecstasy" is not in debate, but the paste. However, both drugs destroy the human.

Although there are times when you want to lower the profile, this problem has always been present and has been on booming, as more and more doors are closed to diminished economic sectors. Now that this issue has reached the upper echelons, have even been attacked in their homes, are being converted into a social topic of discussion. But we, ordinary people, who are assaulted every day, why do not we matter? And if I do not believe that the assault on a daily basis, check your payroll, meditate and think: "Am I getting a fair payment for my work?" keep our taxes, ie 19% of everything we buy up the loose cigarette miserable, a troop of vague in Congress, given the luxury of going once a week, arriving late and we have to thank if ever. A thief, a murderer, ride loose on the streets, not an issue either. We could start a debate about whether it was coup d'etat or armed robbery, as I said a friend wisely. Personally, I choose all of the above. And so, so it goes, a long list that does not want to write, it makes me want to mourn. In short, there are issues.

If you want to eradicate juvenile delinquency, they will not laws and scaring people, but with education, equal, fair, equal and free. Will be made when initiating a program of income redistribution, when courses in establishments prosecutors are with 45 students, when shortening the scandalous gap between rich and poor. And when the meal is tasty and JUNAEB children eat it, nutritious no doubt, but a puree of rice or noodle sushi is not very appealing to the eye, less aroma, which is why students are not eat the food, not because they prefer to eat French fries, as a journalist reporting (where the titles will be giving away?). Prefer to be preferred, but not with money. I know what I say, I see it daily.

end when there is true justice and not for some. When prisons achieve rehabilitate and educate, rather than a repressive system and generator filled beings of hatred and revenge. That is, when we live in a more humane system. I know that is difficult, indeed, I think it impossible to carry out, those who have power are not going to drop. But, well, dream is human and still am, although they make it impossible for me to transform part of the herd.

Caterpillar To Butterfly Sayings

we put prisoners in diapers ... Funando

This is what makes the group "Yes Men", IMF agents infiltrating false in many forums and television interviews, where within each collecting a cruel joke really.
just missed the video link here

Gaybathhousealabama.com

This is a documentary created by English Television 100% recommended. Try to explain all the points that make the globalization project and its immediate and future consequences. Each episode lasts about 1 hour. Then leave
links:




Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3

Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6

Chapter 7